Having just opened multiple investigations under the new Digital Services Act, the European Commission has also announced investigations under its new Digital Markets Act (DMA). These investigations would also benefit UK businesses providing services to EU/EEA residents. This post is for information purposes. If you need advice, please let me know.
As previously explained in more detail, the DMA aims to control unfair practices of very large digital platform operators (“gatekeepers”) when providing services that other businesses use to reach their customers online. These gatekeepers effectively act as private rule-makers, and are able to create ‘bottlenecks’ and ‘choke points’ that limit access, unfairly exploit data for their own purposes and/or impose unfair conditions on participants. The DMA operates outside the scope of existing EU competition controls. Member state’s regulators cannot go further than the DMA restrictions, which must be applied consistently throughout the EU. Gatekeepers can be fined up to 20% of worldwide revenue for breaches. The DMA applied from May 2023 and any firm designated as a gatekeeper then has six months to comply with the various requirements.
Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta and Microsoft were designated as gatekeepers in September 2023, giving them until 7 March 2024 to comply. The European Commission believes they do not. Specifically, the Commission alleges that:
- the 'steering rules' in Google Play violate Article 5(4) (gatekeepers must allow business users, free of charge, to make offers to and contract with end users acquired either via its core platform service or through other channels, regardless of whether they use the core platform services of the gatekeeper for either purpose);
- the self-preferencing on Google Search violates Article 6(5) (gatekeepers must not treat more favourably (in ranking and related indexing and crawling), services and products offered by the gatekeeper itself in preference to similar services or products of a third party, and must apply transparent, fair and non-discriminatory conditions to such rankings);
- the steering rules in the Apple App Store violate Article 5(4);
- the choice screen for Safari violates Article 6(3) (gatekeepers must allow and technically enable end users to easily un-install any apps on the gatekeeper's operating system (except apps essential for the functioning of that operating system or the device which cannot technically be offered on a standalone basis by third parties). Gatekeepers must also allow and technically enable end users to easily change default settings on the operating system, virtual assistant and web browser of the gatekeeper that direct or steer end users to products or services provided by the gatekeeper); and
- Meta's "pay or consent model" violates Article 5(2) (using personal data gathered by third party businesses from their customer's using the browser, without valid consent under GDPR, in addition to other direct GDPR complaints about that type of model).
- is seeking information on Apple's fees for alternative app stores and Amazon's marketplace ranking practices;
- issued document retention orders to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft and Meta to help it monitor their compliance with the DMA; and
- granted Meta an extension of six months to ensure Facebook Messenger complies with the interoperability requirement in Article 7 (there's a long list of those!).
